The Right Time for Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay - 1342 Words

As a leader in the civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had to confront both the oppression of blacks in America as well as dissenters who objected to the timing and methods King advocated. Deeply involved in the civil rights movement, King rarely had time to respond to his critics. However, while confined to the Birmingham jail after being arrested during a civil rights demonstration, King had time to address several of these widely held criticisms that were the subject of a letter written by eight Birmingham clergymen and published in a local newspaper. In his Letter from Birmingham jail King’s eloquent and persuasive response to each of their arguments supported his belief that it was the right time for a full-scale civil†¦show more content†¦King also appeals to logic. He says, â€Å"I am in Birmingham because injustice is here† and as a religious leader, he is compelled to fight for freedom from oppression wherever it occurs. He follows this with an emotional appeal when he states, â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. . . Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.† Through these persuasive devices King successfully defends his presence in Birmingham at the time of the demonstrations. On several occasions the clergymen revisited the topic of the timing of the civil rights activities that were taking place in Birmingham. They questioned why Birmingham’s new city administration was not given time to act. King had a strong line of argument against waiting. By citing the history of oppression as an appeal to logic, King explained that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily. King had seen laws change, but not enforced and he recognized that change would not come easily without change in the hearts and minds of the American people. On this topic King also makes a touching emotional appeal describing how it is for a father to have to answer the questions of their children when they ask why they can’t play where white children play or why white people treated them â€Å"so mean.†Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America ? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested forRead MoreMartin Luther King Pathos and Ethos of Speech895 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Juniors use of Ethos Pathos in his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. On August 28, 1963, people around the nation tuned into hear several civil rights speeches going on in Washington. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those civil rights speakers, and that day he gave his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. In Dr. Martin Luther King Juniors speech, he spoke about unifying the nation, to create a place where Americans â€Å"will not be judged by the color of your skin but by the contentRead MoreEssay on Biography of Martin Luther King522 Words   |  3 PagesBiography of Martin Luther King The Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15,1929 (9). Martin Luther King Jr. began nursery school at the very young age of three years old in 1932 (5). After attending elementary school for one year Martin Luther King got expelled from school after his second grade teacher found out that he was only five years old which was a year too young to be in second grade in 1934 (5). The Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. beganRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. What Was The Point Of Segregation711 Words   |  3 PagesHook: In the days of August 1963, Martin Luther king Jr did a march down a Washington D.C street that was very important to the united states to stop most legalized segregation. This was the point of discrimination that Martin Luther King Jr has faced. Background: This is part of the march on washington for jobs and freedom. The march is to help make segregation illegal. Segregation was a law made during jim crow laws times when he thought that blacks didn’t deserve to go to school or work withRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of the I Have a Dream Speech by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1219 Words   |  5 Pagesechoed throughout Washington D.C. August 28, 1963 as Martin Luther King Jr. paved the path to freedom for those suffering from racial segregation. It was the day of the March on Washington, which promoted Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans. In order to share his feelings and dreams with the rest of the nation, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his speech encouraging all to overcome racial segregation. Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech was very effective due to theRead MoreOutliers Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesOutlier Essay: Martin Luther King Jr. An outlier is a person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system. In other words, an outlier is somebody who goes out of his or her way and does something extraordinary in order to accomplish their goal. Martin Luther King Jr. is a true example of an outlier. In the early 1900s, segregation was strongly recognized in the United States, until Martin Luther King Jr. stood up for what he believed in and made a change. Although he made a differenceRead Moreâ€Å"I Am Happy To Join With You Today In What Will Go Down1420 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† (Lerone Bennett Jr. pg.125) Being a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s, there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is the right of freedom and equality of all people. A major leader, Martin Luther King Jr. was involved in the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. King was in fluenced by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted to seekRead MoreEssay on The Life of Martin Luther King Jr.1244 Words   |  5 Pagesone step at a time. He devoted his life to changing the world. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born to Alberta and Martin Luther King. Alberta Williams King was born September 13, 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King, Sr. was born December 19, 1899 in Stockbridge, Georgia. Martins dad was a pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a school teacher. His siblings were Christine King Farris born September 11, 1927, and Alfred Daniel Williams King born July 30Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1046 Words   |  5 PagesCivil rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his memorable â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech while standing at the feet of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. His uplifting speech is one of the most admired during the civil rights era and arg uably one of the best in American history. On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke about the true American dream: equality. Although the video of his oral spectacle is powerful, the written document portrays exactly how brilliant Martin Luther KingRead MoreI Have A Dream By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1102 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr., he elaborates on the fight African Americans have endured and sets the path for freedom and equality while We Shall Overcome by L.B Johnson speaks on providing equality for all Americans. According to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speech, â€Å"I Have A Dream†, we, as nation and as people must demand freedom based on equality and perseverance. Equality and perseverance are the stepping stones towards true liberty and justice for all African Americans. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases HIV Free Essays

Epidemiology Communicable Diseases HIV or the Human Deficiency virus is like other viruses including the flu, but the one thing that makes this virus so different than any other is that the body is unable to clear this one out completely. Once someone is infected, there is no cure. Over time, HIV can also hide or mask itself in the body’s cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: HIV or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cells within a person’s body that fght off infection are called CD4 cells or T cells. HIV attacks these cells and copies or replicates itself inside these cells, then destroys them. HIV over time will estroy so many of these cells that the body is unable to fght off infection anymore. When this starts happening, AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome happens which is the final stage of HIV. HIV is transmitted through someone’s blood or bodily fluids which can encompass semen, breast milk, vaginal fluids, and rectal mucous (AIDS. GOV, 2013) and usually it is passed from one person to another through sexual contact; however, HIV can also be transmitted through childbirth or IV drug use. Healthcare workers are also at risk from infected bodily fluids. Fluids from an nfected person can deliver the virus to someone else’s bloodstream. Within 2-4 weeks, and up to as late as 3 months, exposure to HIV can happen with a sudden onset of flu like symptoms including fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes or ulcers in the mouth (CDC, 2013). Sometimes no signs or symptoms of infection are present in someone with HIV. Certain individuals may feel sick as HIV turns into AIDS or have occasional bouts of sickness, but not really know or feel they are infected. When HIV progresses to HIV, he flu like sign and symptoms mentioned earlier can become far more severe. Many of the complications stemming from HIV are opportunistic infections, which happen in patients with a weakened immune system (CDC, 2013). â€Å"Some of these opportunistic infections include tuberculosis, salmonellosis, cytomeglaovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporiosis, Wasting Syndrome, neurological problems, and kidney disease (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Specific skin cancers including Kaposi’s Sarcoma and lymphomas also happen in patients who are HIV positive† (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Antivirals are the treatment for HIV and presently there is no known cure. Treatment most often involves combinations of different drugs to avoid creating strains of the virus that are immune to single drug treatments (Mayo Clinic, 2013). The number of CD4 or T cells monitors treatment response. The viral load should be undetectable while undergoing antiviral therapy. The count is checked when treatment starts and usually monitored every 3-6 months. Even if someone has an undetectable viral load, the spreading of HIV is still a possibility. According to estimates and numbers provided by the CDC, about one and half million people 13 years of age and younger is HIV positive. Demographics also show that almost 20% of people who are infected do not know they have the virus. The CDC estimates that now every year, there are about 50,000 new cases diagnosed (2013). At risk groups include gay men, bisexual people, and African Americans (CDC, ) Young Atrican American males are at greatest risk tor contracting HIV among various ethnicities and races (CDC, 2013). An individual’s risk for HIV or social determinants of health related to HIV is income, education, geographic region, overty, gender orientation, early childhood experiences, and alcohol or substance abuse. The CDC states, â€Å"that by reducing the number od new HIV infections and improving the health and well-being of those already infected with HIV depends on changing the social determinants that place people at risk of infection† (CDC, 2-13). The epidemiological triangle of HIV consists of three things: the person, the causative agent, or the environment (Smith, 169). The causative agent that causes AIDS is HIV or the virus itself. The host is a person in the case of HIV and the environment is the either the host or the agent, but a factor that influences interaction between the two. The epidemiological triangle consists of three things: the person, the causative agent, or the environment (Smith, 169). In the triangle for HIV, the agent that causes AIDS is HIV or the virus. The host is a person in the case of HIV. The environment is neither the host nor the agent, but something that influences interaction between the two (Smith, 169). The host factors for HIV include age, sex, ethnic background, race, sexual orientation, education, and economic status (Smith, 169). The agent actors or causative agent for HIV are the virus itself and the mode of transmission, life cycle and virulence of the virus (Smith, 169). The environmental factors for HIV include social and economic considerations including family, community, political organization, public policy, regulations, institutions, workplace, occupation, economic status, technology, mobility, housing population density, attitudes, customs, culture, health practices, health services (Smith 169-170). A community health nurse with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS would work in a community or public health setting, educating t risk groups about safe sex practices and the dangers of sharing needles. Ideally, the nurse would connect patients to support groups and services, teach patients or people in the community about the prevention of the spreading of the disease, and help administer treatments and medications. Some important issues that nurses are bringing to the forefront in todays world include implementing strategies to keep HIV patients engaged in routine HIV medical and nursing care, incorporating prevention research findings to help reduce transmission locally and globally, carrying out outine HIV testing in health care settings, ensuring access to antiretroviral drugs, and preparing for emerging issues in HIV care such as diabetes, liver disease, obesity and elder care† (Kirton, 2007, p. 8). The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is a national organization th at channels a portion of its funds to the international financing for he fght against HIV and AIDS. It also gives funds to strengthening health systems, as most are inadequate to educate and inform communities and people about the prevention of HIV. Programs supported by the Global Fund give to communities with lifesaving ntiviral therapies and counseling on the prevention of the virus. How to cite Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: HIV, Papers

Competitive Strategy Aggregation and Arbitrage

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Aggregation and Arbitrage. Answer: Introduction AAA framework stands for Adaption, Aggregation and Arbitrage, which offers an organization to create global value of products or services. There are different approaches that an organization can adopt in order to implement this business framework. The implementation of this framework depends on the business process and target market. For instance, an organization needs to understand cultural needs and requirements of the target market in order to create value (Schlegelmilch 2016). The purpose of this report is to evaluate the use of AAA framework for four companies from two different industries. This report will emphasize the procedures in which companies are creating value for their products and services. In this competitive era, it is highly important to understand needs and demands of the consumers (Ghemawat 2015). It helps global companies to gain superiority in competitive market. Selecting Industries and Companies In this report, two industries have been selected such as food industry and retail industry. The business processes of these industries are different. In food industry, Bulla Dairy Foods and Haigh's Chocolates have been selected. On the other hand, Redbubble and Target Australia Pty Ltd have been selected. The organizations selected in this study are based on Australian market. The companies have adopted different business strategies in order to create a global value in competitive market. Following is the implementation of AAA framework in order to identify the adopted strategies of the above-mentioned companies. Evaluating AAA framework for Food Industry In food industry, the aim of the organizations is to understand food preference of the target market in order to create global value. Apart from that, the companies need to evaluate the buying behavior of the consumers in order to understand whether the target market is health conscious or not. According to the evaluation, the companies need to manufacture products according to the requirements of specific target market. Moreover, in food industry, companies need to comply with a set of policies developed by the government (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). Here, the companies need to maintain the minimum quality of food in order to maintain business sustainability. When it comes to the adaptation strategy, companies in food industry need to understand consumers preferences. AAA framework helps to build efficient strategies to gain competitive advantages in an efficient manner. Adaptation Bulla Dairy Foods Adaption refers to the strategy through which an organization adopt some key components in the business model, which suits to the consumers preference. In food industry, an organization needs to adopt the food preference and health consciousness of the target market in order to maintain business sustainability. Bulla Dairy is an Australian dairy firm, which manufactures ice cream, sour cream, yogurt and cheese in national and international market. In case of Bulla Dairy, the company the company has adopted manufacturing strategy according to the requirements of Australian target market (Margulescu 2015). Here, consumers are health conscious and therefore, they prefer high quality food. Therefore, the company has contained less cholesterol to the products in order to attract consumers from target market. Moreover, in order to satisfy consumers needs and requirements the company provides manufacturing details through their official website. Here, the company provides recipes of the pro ducts in order to maintain transparency. The adaptation strategy of Bulla Dairy helps the company to satisfy needs and requirements of the Australian consumers (Motohashi 2015). Haigh's Chocolates Haigh's Chocolates is a confectionery industry of Australian market. The company has wide range of products related to the South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria target market. The company has taken approach of sharing manufacturing ingredient with the consumers. Therefore, the company has a tour facility for the consumers to see how they make chocolates (Rothaermel 2015). This adaptation strategy helps the company to influence consumers buying behavior and satisfy health safety needs of the consumers as well. In order to satisfy needs of different type of consumers, the company has a range of eggless chocolates. In this manner, the company has products for both vegetarian and non-vegetarian consumers. In food industry, it is highly important to maintain a minimum product quality. Moreover, the company should have product for different group of consumers. For example, the adaption strategy of Haighs Chocolate helps to fulfill requirements of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian consumers in an effective manner. Aggregation Bulla Dairy Foods Aggregation strategy helps an organization to meet consumers expectation according to four major dimensions such as geographic, cultural, administrative and economic. In order to retain new and existing consumers, Bulla Dairy has adopted aggregation strategy. Here, the company has proposed Fonterra in order to acquire intellectual property from the company. In this strategic movement, the company had acquired the Brownes tub ice cream. It helps the company to enlarge the product range in domestic marker (Cusumano, Kahl and Suarez 2015). When it comes to the aggregation strategy, an organization can enlarge their product range by aggregating with alliances. Therefore, Bulla Dairy would merge up with an international organization of developing country in order to expand business. Aggregation strategy helps to merge up resources of two organizations from similar industries. Therefore, it can be said that Bulla Dairy has implemented this strategy in order to expand product range in inter national market. Haigh's Chocolates This strategy helps to build market in international market in an efficient manner. In order to expand in overseas market, it is highly important to merge up business with a company of the host country. It helps to understand cultural background of the targeted market of the targeted country in an effective manner (Leonidou et al. 2015). Aggregation strategy helps to aggregate the business model with another business organization in order to influence global consumers. However, Haigh's Chocolates does not have such strategies, as the business of this company is limited to the domestic market. Arbitrage Bulla Dairy Foods Arbitrage strategy helps to earn revenue from the price difference between geographical locations. An organization can buy the raw materials where market price is low in order to maximize profitability. Bulla Dairy is conducting their business in domestic market. Therefore, the company does not have the opportunity to buy raw materials from overseas market. In order to implement arbitrage strategy, the company has developed efficient relationship with their suppliers (Gilinsky Jr et al. 2015). In this manner, the company can purchase raw materials at low rate even during high market demand. Efficient relationship with the suppliers helps to maintain good product supply among the target market. Haigh's Chocolates In case of Haigh's Chocolates, the company would adopt the arbitrage strategy by outsourcing their manufacturing unit in developing countries. In this manner, the company would be able to reduce the manufacturing cost with the help of low labor and raw material cost. Apart from that, the company would improve their manufacturing quality by investing more in research and development. However, the company does not have such strategies with which cost of production can be reduced (Prajogo 2016). The company would implement this strategy in order to reduce manufacturing cost of products. Here, the company would target a developing country and open a manufacturing unit. In this manner, the company would be able to reduce employee cost along with cost of raw materials. Evaluating AAA framework for retail Industry Adaptation Redbubble Redbubble is an online retail store who provides customized printed products to the targeted customers. Apart from that, the company also provides a range of pre-designed artwork to the consumers. Therefore, the company has adopted cultural preference of the consumers in Australian and US market. Here, the company conducts RD in order to determine clothing preference of the targeted consumers in order to deliver products according to the consumers needs and requirements in domestic and international market. Apart from that, the company has a range of artwork experts from different cultural background. It helps to match with a range of cultural people in global market (Wigand et al. 2015). The business process of the company depends on the consumers clothing preferences. Consumers may have certain desires, which they want to incorporate into their cloths. Therefore, the company has shows a flexible approach in order to maintain consumers satisfaction. Target Australia Pty Ltd Target Australia is an online retail market in Australian market. The company has a range of consumers goods such as cloths, toys, cosmetics, electronics and homewares. As the company has diversified product range, the company has adopted adaptation strategy in order to satisfy a range of consumers in domestic and global market. The company has online feedback portal in order to understand cultural needs of the consumers (ZHU, SU and ZHOU 2015). In this manner, the company has adopted adaptation strategy in order to satisfy the targeted consumers in global market. Aggregation Redbubble The company has targeted the US market in order to expand globally. In order to understand the cultural background of the US consumers, the company has developed manufacturing unit in San Francisco. It helps the company to aggregate with the US market in order to increase business profitability in an effective manner (Motohashi 2015). As the company does not have any alliance in international market, the company would maintain high profitability with this adaptation strategy. Cultural background of Australian and US consumers is different and therefore, the company would take advantage from the target market in an effective manner. Target Australia Pty Ltd The parent company of Target Australia is Wesfarmers Group, which has good brand image in overseas market. In order to expand in international market, the company has adopted aggregation strategy with the help of own brand image. In order to influence consumers in international market, the Target Australia communicates with both suppliers in consumers in target market (Crossingham and Hubbard 2016). In this way, the company investigates consumers needs and demands in an efficient manner. The strategy of Target Australia capitalizes the brand image of the parent company in order to flourish in international market. Arbitrage Redbubble In case of Redbubble, the company is conducting business in two major locations such as Australia and United States. Therefore, the company has adopted arbitrage strategy in order to purchase raw materials from the market where price is low (Schlegelmilch 2016). In this manner, the company takes advantage of price difference between two geographical locations. Apart from that, approximately 51900 artists had sold their innovation through this website due to its efficient arbitrage strategy. Through this organizational strategy, sellers of this website would be able to take advantage from currency fluctuation of different geographical location. Target Australia Pty Ltd Target Australia has a wide range of products and the company operates business in 125-targeted countries. The company is headquartered in North Geelong, Victoria. In order to reduce organizational cost, the company takes advantage from price different between different countries in global market (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). Share price of Wesfarmers Ltd is 43.03 AUD in Australian market. The company takes opportunity of price difference of shares in international market. The company majorly trade with equities in order to maintain a risk free profitability. Conclusion While conducting, it can be said that AAA framework is a useful tool, which helps to expand in global market. In order to expand in global market, it is highly important to understand needs and requirements of the targeted consumers. Here, companies need to adopt the most appropriate adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage strategy according to the business process. In this report, two industries have been studied in order to identify their business strategies. After conducting the study, it can be said that adoption of strategy from AAA framework depends on the business process and industry types. In this report, business strategy of four organizations has been evaluated. From this evaluation, it has been identified that in order to conduct business in international market, it is highly important to aggregate resources with organization in similar industry. It helps the companies to increase profitability by reducing organizational cost. Reference list Crossingham, D. and Hubbard, K., 2016. Arbitrage strategies-remuneration of business owners.Taxation in Australia,50(10), p.603 Cusumano, M.A., Kahl, S.J. and Suarez, F.F., 2015. Services, industry evolution, and the competitive strategies of product firms.Strategic management journal,36(4), pp.559-575 Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Gilinsky Jr, A., Stanny, E., McCline, R.L. and Eyler, R., 2015. Does size matter? An empirical investigation into the competitive strategies of the small firm.Journal of Small Business Strategy,12(2), pp.1-13 Leonidou, L.C., Fotiadis, T.A., Christodoulides, P., Spyropoulou, S. and Katsikeas, C.S., 2015. Environmentally friendly export business strategy: Its determinants and effects on competitive advantage and performance.International Business Review,24(5), pp.798-811 Margulescu, E., 2015. Old and new ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION.Challenges of the Knowledge Society, p.739 Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015. The Integration/Responsiveness-and the AAA-Frameworks. InStrategic International Management(pp. 25-49). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Motohashi, K., 2015. Management Strategies for Global Businesses. InGlobal Business Strategy(pp. 21-40). Springer Japan Motohashi, K., 2015.Global Business Strategy. Springer-Verlag GmbH Prajogo, D.I., 2016. The strategic fit between innovation strategies and business environment in delivering business performance.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.241-249 Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Marketing: A Global Discipline. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 1-19). Springer International Publishing Wigand, C., Ardito, T., Chaffee, C., Ferguson, W., Paton, S., Raposa, K., Vandemoer, C. and Watson, E., 2015. A climate change adaptation strategy for management of coastal marsh systems.Estuaries and Coasts, pp.1-12 ZHU, L.R., SU, X. and ZHOU, Y., 2015. Empirical Study of Calendar Spread Arbitrage in Chinese Future Market.Operations Research and Management Science,3, p.025.

Marriage and Family Therapy in Connecticut

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to discuss the laws that govern marriage and family therapy in Connecticut. An individual who intends to work as a marriage and family therapist (MFT) in Connecticut must have a postgraduate degree and work experience of at least one year in order to be licensed.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Marriage and Family Therapy in Connecticut specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More MFTs are allowed to disclose confidential information about their clients when ordered by a court. Similarly, privileged communication can be disclosed if the client is likely to harm himself or others. Although MFTs are allowed to provide confidential information to third parties as a warning, the duty to warn is not a requirement in Connecticut. Introduction This paper will focus on marriage and family counseling or therapy profession in Connecticut. In this regard, it will discuss the licensure process and the scope of practice in Connecticut. In addition, it will discuss the state’s limit to confidentiality, privileged communication, and the duty to warn or protect. Process of Obtaining Licensure The first step in obtaining a license to practice in Connecticut is to meet the following requirements. First, the applicant must have a postgraduate degree in marriage and family therapy. The degree program must be approved by the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Second, the applicant is expected to provide evidence of having participated in supervised internship in the field of marriage and family therapy during his or her training (DPH, 2014). Third, the applicant is required to have work experience of at least 12 months after completing a postgraduate degree program. During the 12 months, the applicant is expected to gain practical skills by interacting with clients directly to offer counseling services. However, applicants who are already licensed in other states are not required to show evidence of prior work experience.  Third, the applicant must take and pass the National Examination in Marital and Family Therapy. The examination is normally provided by the Association of Marital and Family Therapy Regulatory Board. After meeting all the requirements, the applicant is expected to send his or her request and the application fee to the Professional Counselor Licensure Board (DPH, 2014). In addition, supporting documents such as transcripts must be sent to the board by the institution in which the applicant received the relevant training in marriage and family therapy. Once the application is verified and approved by the board, the applicant gets a license to practice.Advertising Looking for coursework on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Limitation to Confidentiality MFTs are required to maintain confidentiality by avoiding unauthorized sharing of the info rmation about their clients with third parties. However, the client’s right to confidentiality is limited under the following circumstance. To begin with, MFTs are allowed to disclose information or records pertaining to their clients for diagnosis and treatment purposes. In this case, a MFT can share the information about the client with professionals such as physicians and mental health practitioners to help them select the right medical intervention. A court order can also lead to the disclosure of the information or records of the client. In this case, a MFT may be required to provide confidential information as evidence that is admissible in a court. However, the information will only be used for the purpose of determining the case to which the client is a party. Privileged Communication Privileged communication refers to the â€Å"exchange of information in the context of a professional relationship in which the recipient is protected from compelled disclosure in a cou rt proceeding†. This means that MFTs cannot be forced by a court to disclose any privileged communication without the consent of their clients. In Connecticut, privileged communication is limited under the following circumstances. First, privileged communication can be disclosed in the event of a court-ordered examination. This applies when a court requires information about the client’s mental or physical condition during a court proceeding. Second, the client’s information can be shared if the client claims that his or her mental or physical condition has to be taken into account during a court proceeding. In this context, the opposing party has the right to disagree with the client about the claim. As a result, the court and the opposing party will have to access information about the client’s mental or physical condition.  Finally, privileged communication is not protected if the MFT believes that the client is a danger to himself and others. This me ans that a MFT can disclose privileged communication to the police or potential victims to protect them from being harmed by the client. However, further disclosures are prohibited after the MFT provides adequate information to protect others. This helps in protecting the clients’ privacy before they commit a crime by causing harm. Duty to Warn Duty to warn refers to the MFT’s obligation to caution or notify third parties or law enforcement officers about a client who is likely to harm himself and others. According to Conn. Gen. Stat.  § 52-146 p(c) (2), a MFT is expected to issue a warning if he believes in good faith that withholding confidential information about a client poses health and safety risks to the public.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Marriage and Family Therapy in Connecticut specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, a MFT does not have to seek the client’s co nsent to disclose information that is considered confidential.  The main limitation in applying the duty to warn principle in Connecticut is that issuing a warning is not mandatory. Specifically, the law permits but does not compel MFTs to warn third parties about clients who might be violent or dangerous. Thus, MFTs can opt to withhold confidential information about their clients without breaking the law. In addition, the law does not define the recipient of the information. Thus, MFTs can choose to share the information only with the people who they perceive to be vulnerable to attacks by the client. Ethical Complaints Ethical complaints are usually handled by the Connecticut Association of Marriage and Family Therapy (CTAMFT). After receiving a complaint concerning the violation of AAMFT’s ethical standards, CTAMFT examines the grievance to determine its merit and compliance with jurisdiction and filing procedures. If the complaint is deemed to have merit, charges have t o be drafted and presented to the chairperson of AAMFT’s ethics committee (AAMFT, 2014). Once the chairperson approves the charges, the committee will launch investigations to collect facts about the complaint. In addition, the complainant is informed about the ongoing investigations by the committee. However, the committee can terminate or postpone the investigations if the case lacks merit. Generally, the complainant is required to give consent for the use of his or her personal information during the investigations.  Upon the completion of the investigation, the committee discusses the findings before making a decision on the case (AAMFT, 2014). If the accused is found guilty of violating the ethical standards, the committee must take disciplinary actions. The action taken usually depends on the severity of the violation. Severe violations can lead to termination of membership in CTAMF (AAMFT, 2014). Moreover, the accused can be prosecuted in court if the violation const itutes a criminal offense. However, the committee usually takes lenient actions such as rehabilitating the accused if the violation is not serious. Scope of Practice According to the Practice Act (1979), marriage and family therapy refers to the evaluation, counseling, and management of emotional problems that arise within families or marriages. Thus, the scope of MFT practice in Connecticut is mainly limited to identification of emotional disorders that might be cognitive or behavioral in nature.Advertising Looking for coursework on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the statute does not include treatment in the scope of practice, the interventions provided by MFTs mainly focus on managing clients’ conditions. The therapy or counseling services can be provided to individuals, couples, and families. This gives the clients the opportunity to get the best service quality without compromising their confidentiality. MFTs in Connecticut are also allowed to use psychotherapeutic techniques to deliver the required services. In particular, MFTs can provide nonmedical psychotherapy with the aid of appropriate psychiatric resources. This includes the use of psychiatric tests to examine their clients’ attributes such as intelligence and addictions. MFTs are also expected to refer their clients to professionals such as doctors to enable them to access specialized treatment. References AAMFT. 2014. The ethics complaint process. Web. Conn. Gen. Stat.  § 52-146 p(c) (2). DPH. 2014. Marital and family therapist licensure requirements. Web. Gurman, A., Kniskern, D. (2013). Handbook of family therapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Practice Act, Conn. Gen. Stat.  § 20-195(a)(3) (1979). Thorona, N., Winawer, H. (2013). Crtical topics in family therapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Tran, A. (2008). A comparative analysis: MFT scope of practice across the nation. Therapist, 1-7. This coursework on Marriage and Family Therapy in Connecticut was written and submitted by user Jaliyah Wolf to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Couple Interview Marital Challenges Essay Example

Couple Interview Marital Challenges Essay Example Couple Interview Marital Challenges Essay Couple Interview Marital Challenges Essay I interviewed John and Cindy about their marriage and the challenges they’ve faced together as a married couple. I am encouraged by their relationship and have decided to use their relationship as a model for my second interview. John and Cindy have been married for almost 5 years. In addition to this union, there is McKenna, Cindy’s son. They are a blended family, of course, and are part of the more modern structure of families in our society. When reflecting upon their ideas about marriage, prior to actually being married, I noticed that Cindy’s outlook was positive. She knew she would be married one day and looked forward to it. Even though she was in a long-term romantic relationship prior to meeting John, that relationship wasn’t what she considered a foundation for a good marriage. Her former boyfriend was good friends with the family and spent a great amount of time with them. Cindy also spent a great deal of time with his family as well. This allowed them to witness each other’s family of origin. However, the time that John spends with her family, she says, is different. It’s full of quality and genuine caring for her people. John also added that Cindy’s first meeting with his mother and sister exceeded his expectations. They took to her right away and have had a good relationship ever since. As a matter of fact, several of his family members have traveled from their home states to stay with them for weeks at a time. I decided to ask about the differences between men and women, and if either of them has heard of the book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus by author John Gray, the feedback was instant. They both chimed in with the same answer. John has always believed that men will never understand what goes on in a woman’s mind. Cindy believes that men are a different species, and not necessarily human. They way men and women problem solve, in her opinion, are polar opposites. However, when she comes to John with a problem or a task she tries to remember that she asked him for help. He doesn’t need to have the solution dictated to him; she must trust him to help in his own way. She also believes that there is more than one way to solve a problem, and it doesn’t matter whose way is used, as long as the problem is solved. I take this piece of advice to heart, as I’ve been told that I am impatient and a bit of a control freak. John states that he tries his best to work out his own dilemmas because he knows that Cindy has a stressful full-time job, and she’s also a full-time mom to McKenna. Between her schedule and McKenna’s extra-curricular activities, John doesn’t like to add anything extra on her plate if he doesn’t need to. That, he says, is the reason he takes such a large role in McKenna’s activities. It brings a sense of peace to the home when he knows his wife and son’s needs are met. Our next subject was the topic of â€Å"deadly habits† that ruin a relationship. Another excellent example of their understanding is Cindy’s approach to getting help with household chores. Instead of nagging John to take out the garbage, which is initially what she used to do, she tried a different approach. Now she asks him once or twice, and if he doesn’t get to it, she kindly lets him know how uncomfortable she is with trash sitting and the extra work it makes for her in the long run with cleaning the mess or airing out the lingering odor. She admits that she doesn’t go overboard because she is a â€Å"junky† person and doesn’t want to look like a hypocrite. John, however, has fallen into her pattern of â€Å"junkiness,† stating that he used to be quite neat and before he knew it, he had clothes on the floor right next to Cindy’s. And he appreciates her new approach when asking him to complete tasks because he feels respected and needed instead of criticized or scolded like a child. I brought up the topic of the four stages of love and asked both John and Cindy if they were aware that four stages existed. They both replied no, and I proceeded to explain each stage and ask which one they were in. John feels as if they are still in the infatuation stage, based on his love for Cindy. He doesn’t feel as if the honeymoon has ended because he loves her more each day. Cindy feels the same, but recognizes realistically that they are in the connection stage. She said they have gone through the discovery stage and now focus on staying together and constantly working to better their relationship. While it does still feel new to her, she takes into consideration the challenges they’ve overcome and the challenges that await them in the future. One of the many challenges couples face is dealing with financial issues. Cindy makes a great living and had done so prior to meeting John. And the same goes for him. But Cindy realized, upon marriage, that John was better at managing finances than she was. After being independent for many years it was an adjustment for her to have someone else make suggestions to her on saving money or cutting back on her spending. However, trusting her husband and seeing the way he managed his own money, she took his advice and is glad she did. They consult on big purchases and realize that not every dollar spent has to be accounted for to the other person. They, especially Cindy, realize that being on one accord in money matters benefits the family. It’s not about one person’s money anymore. It’s their money regardless of who makes more or who spends it. Being that John and Cindy are both in their early 40’s, I asked both of them if they felt there was an ideal age to get married. Cindy believes there isn’t an ideal age to get married. If she had met John fifteen years ago and still feels as she does now, she would have married him then. However, she is thankful that she was able to do all the things she loved doing as a single woman such as traveling, going out with girlfriends as she pleased and shopping. She’s also thankful from a parental standpoint because her habits changed after having McKenna. She was able to satisfy her single self, and can now be happy and content being a wife and mother without feeling as if she missed out on anything. John says he was content not being married or even being on the path to marriage. He feels there is no ideal age to get married. When you’re ready, you’ll know it, no matter how old or young you are. He shares Cindy’s sentiments on satisfying his single self prior to meeting and marrying her. He is content with what he accomplished on his own and now loves that they accomplish things together. From the many topics we discussed, on and off the record, I am so inspired by John and Cindy’s approach to love and life. I enjoy being in their presence because they radiate a positive vibe. I don’t enjoy being around couples that argue or have tension between them. It’s uncomfortable for me and can change the mood of the environment. I have listened to both of them intently and have related their challenges to challenges I’ve had. The approach they take toward each other is remarkable. They have a mutual respect that goes beyond loving each other. They respect each other as individuals with their own respective levels of intelligence. I appreciate the example they provide to me and to other people they encounter. I know Cindy very well and it has really pleased me to watch her grow in love with someone who compliments her so well. I have seen the subtle changes she’s made such as cooking. I’ve also seen the more apparent changes, such as the reduction in her stress level. Talking to them and watching their words in action has redefined my beliefs in marriage. I don’t have many examples of a happily married couple. But knowing that Cindy and John are in my life makes it easier for me to have a blueprint of what marriage can be.

Cheating and Taking Steroids in Sports

Cheating and Taking Steroids in Sports INTRODUCTION â€Å"Sports will either be a school of virtue or a school of vice, and that’s why the epidemic of cheating in professional sports is, and ought to be, a huge cultural concern. Sports, at every level, is supposed to be a training ground for virtue, to mould the character of athletes, coaches and supporters so that they may learn lessons that may help them to achieve off-the-field as much as on. In few other venues are people able to learn as effectively the good habits of perseverance through difficulties, teamwork, striving to overcome obstacles, the importance of preparation and practice, and the courtesy and class we call good sportsmanship. But the field, court, track, diamond, rink, pool and roadway can also cultivate vice, when results become more important than virtue, when winning becomes more important than winning fairly. It has been hard to open a sports page recently without reading something to do with cheating and its consequences. Recently encount ered readings include Bill Belichick and the clear contravention of the NFL’s videotaping policy; Patriots’ Safety Rodney Harrison and his suspension for taking an illegal substances; NBA referee Tim Donaghy and his expulsion for betting on games he was officiating; Barry Bonds and his tainted home run record, along with former heroes turned synthetic pseudo-supermen Jason Giambi, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, Rafael Palmeiro; Floyd Landis’ suspect yellow jersey and the expulsion of what seemed to be half this year’s Tour de France participants for blood doping and other violations; WWE icon Chris Benoit and his steroid-induced murderous-suicidal rage; various college recruiting violations, Olympic scandals and much more. Professional boxing almost looks clean and honest by comparison. WHY DO THEY CHEAT Sports are a microcosm and stylization of life: goal-setting, preparation, effort, character, the integration of mind and body, competition, success and failu re. It’s all there in sports, distilled and intensified into a few hours’ experience. The usual answer is that cheaters have so strong a desire to win that they will strive to do so at all costs. Cheaters do have a desire to win, but by the time we are adults we know that a cheated victory is hollow. An adult cheater knows that he has not won through skill and effort, and he knows he will not experience the pride that comes from a genuine win. The only thing the cheater is left with is that he knows that other people will believe that he won and he will reap the value of their enhanced esteem. So here’s a hypothesis about the psychology of cheaters: Cheating is not motivated by a desire to win, but by wanting to be thought of by others as having won. Cheating is a kind of social metaphysics-what others believe is true is more important than what is actually true. Another possibility is that the cheater knows the above-that a cheated win is hollow-but in the shor t run his intense desire to win crowds out his knowledge. So cheating is a failure to hold the context of why one is playing sports: strong desire overwhelms the cheater’s knowledge, or through weakness of will the cheater ignores his knowledge to indulge the desire.

The importance of the perception communication at work depending on Dissertation

The importance of the perception communication at work depending on the Generation X and Generation Y - Dissertation Example These diverse attitudes and principles translate differently in a workplace context, with both generations having unique values associated with what constitutes an effective and motivational business model. There are significant gaps in research literature describing what specific characteristics of a business model will motivate and inspire workers to achieve top quality performance in the job roles of Generation X and Generation Y. In most respects, knowledge on both generations tends to illustrate Generation X as an independent and headstrong generation with pre-established principles and values. In opposite accord, Generation Y is presented as more liberal, flexible, and success-minded in the organisational context. This sizeable gap in knowledge specifically includes knowledge of the importance of communications for both generations. ... 1.1 Research aims and objectives The aim of this research project is to determine the level of importance of communications in the workplace as it pertains to both generations. This is to determine if communications strategies can be an effective motivational model for both Generation X and Generation Y. This study maintains three specific objectives: Determine what actually motivates both Gen X and Gen Y in a workplace context Determine how both generations perceive communications as a motivational tool Identify proven models of motivation that have been effective in boosting performance for both Generation X and Generation Y. The study will consult with various secondary literature sources to paint a portrait of both generations, with special focus on attitudes, principles, experiences, and expectations for an organisational job role. Results of findings will be compared to a primary research project (which is described in this proposal’s methodology section) to determine wh ether communications can be considered a viable motivational model for both generations or for a single generation. The results of this study should assist in closing some of the gaps in literature that currently exists regarding motivational strategies for both generations and recommend a new model of motivation that could potentially improve business culture and strategic performance when applied to Gen X and Gen Y. The goal of the project is to create an innovation in knowledge about both generations that can provide new direction for managers in organisations that struggle with Gen X and Gen Y employees to gain top quality performance and dedication to meet strategic goals both short- and

Military men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Military men - Essay Example He was responsible for guiding the military personnel responsible for bombing missions. However, he grew tired of the work and decided to quit. He had to think of a way out since the military regulations required that a military person have to provide enough information to support why he needs to quit. Yossarian decided to act like an insane person so that he would be sent to the hospital. Since insane people could not be fit to work as military personnel, he thought that it would be a great exit plan. Catch 22 has some very challenging clauses that force the military personnel from doing what they would want to do. In this case, Catch 22 forced Yossarian to act like a mad person in order to avoid being military personnel. However, he is given different kind of work of reading and censoring letters from military patients. It is very challenging for Yossarian to prove to the military that he is actually insane. This is because the word insane can mean different things to different peo ple. For example, being insane in the military context is different from being insane in the real civilian world. It can even be said that insanity in military is acceptable especially because of the way the military laws and regulations define it. However, the military law called catch 22 could not allow him to quit the military job since by knowing that he is insane was a proof that he was actually sane. Therefore, Yossarian decided to spend the rest of his life in the hospital.

Harry S. Truman and Korea -to Unite Essay Example for Free

Harry S. Truman and Korea -to Unite Essay The Chinese joined the Koreans side and helped fight back against US troops. General MacArthur -To completely defeat the Korean and Chinese armies. -President Truman ordered for him to stop his assault on the Asian countries. -He persisted and was eventually fired because his arrogance cost them the battle. President Truman -To keep Korea from becoming a communist country. -China helped North Korea fight the war to spread communism. They joined with the allies in the UN to help stop the spread of communism. China -To spread and maintain communism -They were afraid of the US and UN invading them -They planned a surprise attack which was successful. United Nations -To stop the spread of communism. -MacArthur persisted on fighting. -They relieved general MacArthur of his duties. How did General Douglas MacArthur react to the events in Korea? What was his stance on the Korean War? He decided to keep pushing against the enemys border. He believed China did not have enough resources to fight back. He wanted to take out the Chinese army once and for all. How did President Truman respond to the events in Korea? What was his stance on the Korean War? President Truman wanted to stop the spread of communism in the East. He fought a war against North Korea and China to keep communism away from South Korea. He wanted to end the fighting once they had cleared Chinese troops from Korea. Which leaders actions were the most justifiableGeneral McArthurs or President Trumans? Support your claim with evidence from the lesson. President Trumans actions were more justifiable because He knew when the battle was over. He did not want to keep pushing against the enemy. The push that MacArthur made on China caused them to lose the battle and be attacked in a surprise. Would the outcome of the Korean War have been different had General MacArthur not been fired? Why or why not? Support your claim with evidence from the lesson. I think the outcome might have been different if MacArthur had not been fired. They might have kept fighting against China until they had completely wiped out their army. They could also have disbanded all communism in Korea and maybe in China as well.

The Lady of Shalott Essay -- essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction This paper will try to analyze the growth of consciousness of the Lady of Shalott. Ranging from her state of mind in total isolation, her 'childhood', to her changing 'adolescence' and eventually reaching 'adulthood' and death, all in a sort of quick-motion. It will further deal with the development of tension throughout the poem. By making a distinction between tension through formal aspects, such as rhyme scheme, and tension through content it will try to show the interconnection between both of them. Additionally, the paper will deal with the possible effect of tension on the reader and how the poem might be perceived by him/her. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growth of Consciousness and Development of Tension 2.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Initial Isolation Lord Alfred Tennyson's poem starts out with the total seclusion of the beautiful, young Lady of Shalott surrounded by '…four grey walls, and four grey towers…';. (Tennyson, line 15). She is largely unaware of the world outside and of her own existence as a woman, only being able to see shadows of reality, which are reflected by her magic (?) crystal mirror and worked into her web. At this point of time it is unknown to the reader whether the Lady of Shalott is forced to be in this situation or chose to live this life of isolation. Reasons for a self inflicted seclusion might be homophobia, the fear of rejection by the exterior world, or simply a lack of interest for it. However, the Lady of Shalott is quite content with what she has and what she does. Her life of art in front of the loom and the crystal mirror is all she needs singing her ';…song that echoes cheerly…'; (30) throughout the land. She is as innocent as a careless child giving little thought about her future. The Lady of Shalott has no urge to leave her own interior world because she is not aware of any other options. Little is known about her outside '…many-towered Camelot.'; (5) and apparently she intends to keep it that way: But who hath seen her wave her hand ? Or at the casement seen her stand ? Or is she known in all the land, The Lady of Shalott ? (24-27) By now the reader might ask him-/herself why the Lady of Shalott is stuck in such a dreadful situation and why she does not attempt to do anything about it. There is a cons... ...martyrdom and so the story ends, leaving the reader in anger about the carelessly spoken words of Lancelot. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'The Lady of Shalott'; was and is subject for countless interpretation by readers and artists, especially pictorial. Although, or maybe because the whole setting is quite vague and shadowy there have been many attempts to explain why the Lady of Shalott was cursed. Maybe she was not cursed al all. What was this whisper she heard ? Was she schizophrenic, hearing voices inside her head ? Another question is why she had to die in the end. Is it possible she eventually commit suicide, because she had realized that her love for Sir Lancelot was futile ? These are some questions that stay in the back of your head after reading Tennyson's poem. Even today you can feel the infinite struggle the Lady of Shalott had to undergo. Tennyson impressively shows the development of a young woman who is faced with one of the most difficult times in life- growing up in a world full of restrictions and rules and becoming a woman. His subtle description of a girls problems at his time is, slightly altered, even valid today.

An Analysis of Robert Bresson’s a Man Escaped

Robert Bresson’s 1956 film A Man Escaped, is a film that is based on the true story of Andre Devigny, a member of the French Resistance who managed to break out of prison just hours before he was to be executed. In the opening sequence of the film the viewer is able to establish that the main character Fontaine, (Played by Francois Leterrier) has been escorted to prison. Fontaine notices that the men beside him are cuffed, but he is not. He tries to get away when the car stops but is recaptured and beaten upon the head.From his actions, the viewer is able to recognize Fontaine’s intelligence and that he is insistent on making an escape. The title of the film is a forewarning to the viewer and that â€Å"A Man Escaped†, and that warning causes the viewer to question if the title alludes to Fontaine, or another prisoner. The drama is built upon that upfront information and it is heightened the further into the duration the viewer gets, up until the final escape seq uence. The scene for analysis takes place at approximately Twenty minutes into the duration of the film.The scene opens with a medium shot focused on Fontaine amidst his isolation. Fontaine looks up toward the ceiling with a facial expression that reads as saddened or lonesome, which slowly fades out, and fades back in, to a medium long shot of the character crouching in a vulnerable position next to the door. A close shot of Fontaine’s face really shows his emotion, very saddened and depleted of hope. It appears that Fontaine is analyzing the wooden door.From his remarks, the viewer can gather that the character has previous knowledge of wood and that dismantling the door is a possibility in his plan to escape the prison. Bresson is persistent on the close-up of the potential escapist’s hands, feeling the wood, working with tools, etc. The character receives an iron spoon, an item that will aid him in moving the panels in the door. Followed by another close-up of the main characters hands, sharpening his new tool, which dissolves into the next medium shot of him standing in his prison cell.Fontaine is able to pry the panels of wood apart. Fontaine hides his new tool and moves toward the window in his cell, The camera pans up, following him, and the scene fades out. This is one of the most important scenes in the film, and really is the turning point for Fontaine because he acknowledges the possibility in getting through his prison cell door and acquires a tool that is capable of helping him â€Å"dismantle† the panels in the door. I think this gives him a small amount of hope and a goal to work towards.Bresson’s minimalist approach to the cinematography intensifies his use of non- diegetic sound in the film. Bresson uses sound beyond the image, to inform the viewer of actions going on around Fontaine’s prison cell. like footsteps outside the cell or noises made by other prisoners. Sound is used to put emphasis on Fontaineâ⠂¬â„¢s actions, like the chiseling of the panels or the sharpening of the spoon. As with the images, dialogue is reduced to the essential. Fontaine does the narration in the film and he only indicates the most important details to the viewer.

Handling Complaints: How Did the Employee Respond?

In our case, a guest is having meal in The Hong Kong Jockey Club. She has order an a la carte with steak. She would like her steak with well done. Unfortunately, the waiter gives her a wrong meat temperature dish, i. e. medium. The guest is not satisfy with the dish and begin lose temper asking for explanation. The waiter has do the following step to provide the right and quality service to the guest. Firstly, the waiter tries to calm the guest down. Secondly, he is listening to the guest’s grievances, so as to provide the right service to the guest again.And he is allowing the guest to vent, to let the guest express her unsatisfactory. Thirdly, the employee tries to apologize for the wrong service, to give the image that our restaurant is willing to correct our mistake and not to happen again. Fourthly, the employee has done the corrective action. He asks the chef to cook the dish again as soon as possible. And with the correct meat temperature i. e. well done. This can show to the guest that we have a positive â€Å"can do† attitude. Finally, servicing the guest with politeness again. The skills and theories that we have apply in the case:For the procedural side: We have attempt timeliness. When the guest has problem regarding the steak she ordered. The employee has taken immediate action to approach to the guest. Listening what is her concerns and grievances. Then make a corrective action. Therefore, we can practice the moment of truth to the guest. Communication skill also applies on our case. When the employee notice that the food production section have cook the wrong dish to the guest. He immediately asks the chef to cook it again with the right meat temperature. And this dish is the first priority to be cooked.So the guest needs not to wait for longer time. This can show that we apologize for our fault. For the personal side: Firstly, positive attitude can be found in the case. When the guest is complaining with the wrong dish, we immediat ely apologize for our fault. And we do try clam the guest down to let her vent her dissatisfy feeling. Also the employee listens to her concerns and grievances as to give the right service to her again. Secondly, guidance also can be found in the case. The employee use positive wordings like â€Å"Please wait; let me order a new one for you. This shows that we are willing to be of assistance. And we are concern of every customer’s needs. No one we will miss out. Lastly, we have solved the problem immediately when guest has a problem. The employee immediately calls the chef to cook the right dish as soon as possible. Therefore, the guest no needs to wait for long time to have her meal. So the guest tempers being recovered very soon. And do not affect her feeling while dinning out. Recommendations for improvement To avoid the problem happen again, I suggest when taking order from the guest, repeat what items the guest had ordered.It is because double check of order can prevent mistake, sometimes the environment is noise, and service provider may not listen well to what the guest has ordered. Also, the chef can ask clarification from the front line staff when come across some rare food order. It is because in tradition in cooking steak, cooking steak with well done are not commonly found in western eating culture. When the chef comes across with this kind of rare cooking method, he can ask the front line staff to make clarify. Then mistake can be minimize.

How To Make Tree Cookies

How To Make Tree Cookies Ever heard of a tree cookie? Sadly, unless you are a termite, you cant eat them. But you can use them to unlock the past of a tree. From its age to the weather conditions and hazards it faced in its lifetime, tree cookies can be used to better understand trees and their role in the environment. So what is a tree cookie? Tree cookies are cross-sections of trees that are usually around 1/4 to 1/2 inch in thickness. Teachers and ecologists use them to teach students about the layers that make up a tree and to illustrate to students how trees grow and age. Heres how to make your own tree cookies and use them at home or with your students to learn more about trees. Making Tree Cookies Just as with edible cookies, tree cookies are made using a series of steps in a recipe. Start by selecting a tree with a trunk or thick branches that you can cut to reveal the tree rings. Take note of the type of tree it is and where it came from.Cut a log that is about three to six inches in diameter and three to four feet long. (You will cut this down later but it will give you a good section to work with.)Slice the log into Cookies that are 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide.Dry the cookies. Yes you will bake these cookies! Drying the cookies will help prevent mold and fungus from decomposing the wood and will preserve your cookie for many years to come. Set them in the driveway in the sun, or on a drying rack in the yard for several days. Air flow is more important than sunlight, but if you can get both, that would be perfect.Sand the cookies lightly.If these cookies will be used in the classroom, cover with a coating of varnish to help them withstand years of handling. What Can You Learn From A Tree Cookie? Now that you have your tree cookies, what can you do with them? Here are several ways you can use tree cookies at home or in your classroom to teach students about trees. Take a closer look. Start by having your students examine their tree cookies with a hand lens. They can also draw a simple diagram of their cookie, labeling the bark, cambium, phloem, and xylem, tree rings, center, and pith. This image from Britannica Kids provides a good example. Count the rings. First,  ask your students to take note of the differences between the rings - some are light colored while others are darker. Light rings indicate fast, spring growth, while dark rings show where the tree grew more slowly in the summertime. Each pair of light and dark rings - called an annual ring - equals one year of growth. Have your students count the pairs to determine the age of the tree.   Read your cookie. Now that your students know what they are looking at and what to look for, help them understand what else a tree cookie can reveal to foresters. Does the cookie show wider growth on one side than the other? This could indicate competition from nearby trees, a disturbance on one side of the tree, a windstorm that caused the tree to lean to one side, or simply the presence of sloped ground. Other anomalies that students can look for include scars (from insects, fires, or a machine such as a lawn mower,) or narrow and wide rings that may indicate years of drought or insect damage followed by years of recovery. Do some math.  Ask you students to measure the distance from the center of the tree cookie to the outermost edge of the last summer growth ring. Now ask them to measure the distance from the center to the outermost edge of the tenth summer growth ring. Using this information, ask them to calculate the percent of the trees growth that took place in its first ten years. (Hint: Divide the second measurement by the first measurement and multiply by 100.) Play a game. Utah State Universitys Forestry Department has a cool interactive online game that students can play to test their tree cookie reading skills. (And teachers, dont worry, the answers are there too if you need a little help!)

Applied Linguistics - Manglish Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 26500 words

Applied Linguistics - Manglish - Dissertation Example --------- 36 2.2.2.6 Copula ‘be’ ----------------------------------------------------- 38 2.2.2.7 Modals ----------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.2.2.8 Stative verbs in the progressive ------------------------------ 41 2.2.2.9 Clause structure ------------------------------------------------ 41 2.2.2.10 Other syntactic variational features ------------------------- 43 2.2.3 Syntax of the ME basilect ------------------------------------------------------- 46 2.3 Phonology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 2.3.1 ... apter Three: The Use of English in Malaysia ------------------------------------------- 58 3.1 From English to Bahasa Malaysia in Post-Colonial Malaysia ---------------------- 59 3.2 The return of English to Modern Malaysia -------------------------------------------- 66 3.3 The importance of English in Malaysia today ----------------------------------------- 70 Chapter Four: Discussion and Conclusion --------------------------------------------------- 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 APPENDIX: Malay Borrowings in ME --------------------------------------------------------- 99 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Features of Sociolects of Malaysian English --------------------------------------- 14 Figure 2: Modal Verbs in SBE, ME and BM -------------------------------------------------- 33 Figure 3: A Comparative Presentation of the Responses of a SBE Speaker and a ME Basilect Speaker to Variopus Situations ------------------ ------------------- 40 ABSTRACT The emergence of ‘New Englishes’ in non-native English speaking countries, like Malaysia, has become an interesting area of research study in linguistics. A lot of the data for this dissertation comes from a survey of previous related studies, and from Malaysian newspapers, magazines, television and the like, which are illustrative of Malaysian English. To this pursuit, this descriptive non-experimental research on the development of Malaysian English seeks to answer the question: What has contributed to the development of Malaysian English as it is today? This study starts with the historical development of English in Malaysia. Then it continues by identifying the affected specific linguistic features. The differences between Malaysian English and

Examining a domain of experience, relationship, and application of the Essay

Examining a domain of experience, relationship, and application of the themes in the course in relation to human development and identity - Essay Example This essay will analyze identity formation, ego identity, in relation to Frozen film. Ego identity and identity formation is evident in the Frozen film by Disney. As the norm is, lots of women in the Disney movies have been indicated to rely on a male figure to emancipate them from societal and cultural issues, such as Cinderella and Snow White amongst others. However, the case of Disney’s Frozen film is different. In the film, it is evident that the women have opted to outdo the heterosexual dominance that overpowers them. The film focuses on two sisters, Anna and Elsa that have been confronted with life issues but opt not to use a male hero to fulfil their desires (Buck & Lee, 2013). From this perspective, one would argue that the two sisters developed a feminine identity in the course of her growth that motivated them her to work towards fighting with the constraints that prevent women from succeeding in a man’s world. Even with the societal conceptualizations of female identity, the Frozen sisters had already identified their ego identity and worked towards fulfilling their wishes despite the challenges in question. However, as the story begins, the two sisters lacked differentiation while living in the royal court. Elsa had the ability and powers to control ice and snow. Psychological distinction separates the two sisters when Elsa injures Anna by mistake (Buck & Lee, 2013). Their parents then force Elsa to suppress her powers to command ice and snow, and ensure that Anna does not know of the powers at all costs (Buck & Lee, 2013). This separated the sisters more, with Anna growing in solitude, and Elsa representing her superego. Elsa constantly covers her hands with gloves to conceal her powers. After the death of their parents, Elsa is to rise to the throne. On the other hand, the identity of Anna’s identity is being shaped and she represents id that seeks to fulfil one’s needs and desires (Kroger 206-209). Anna

What Are The Implications For Social Workers In Combating Re-Offending Dissertation

What Are The Implications For Social Workers In Combating Re-Offending Among Children And Young People - Dissertation Example The view is holistic in approach which excavates the theories and situations and how social workers are working on curtailing re-offending among that section of the society. It is understood that the report is meant to analyze these details and intends to continue the work of social workers in the field of re-offending among delinquents and young people. The report mainly relies on the handbook of Social Exclusion in U.K brought out by the Government of U.K. And the journal article of the National Association of social Workers. Many books have been referred to which deals with abnormal psychology and portrays criminal behavior as a clinical problem. The report intends to problem-atize every bit of the topic and proposes to find a solid solution to it. Introduction: To begin with re-offending among children and the youth, one must thoroughly study crime in the first place. Every man born into the society is always penetrated with societal norms through rigorous socialization. Norms are the set of ideas and rules which members of the society must abide by. The next concept is of sanctions. Social norms are mostly accompanied by sanctions to foster conformity and more than that, protect against non-conformity to facilitate social binding.norms are mostly accompanied by sanctions to foster conformity and more than that, protect against non-conformity to facilitate social binding. Positive and negative sanctions have different forms. Punishment is a big form of negative sanction. Sociology has time and again come up with newer theories to explain crime and deviance and mostly juvenile delinquency. As mentioned earlier, socialization helps to make every human being settle in the society with ease and comfort, by abiding the social rules and norms. But many despite being socialized to follow these rules and norms decide to not follow them or rather deviate from them. These elements are usually known as sociopaths – impulsive, judgmental and usually lack insight unlike criminals whose deeds have a planned character. Most children on their path to socialization often take up deviant methods. Anything that is unusual, queer or abnormal is termed as deviant. And the character to deviance differs from each other (Quinn, 2004). Offending is a social term more than legal. But our topic clearly deals with re-offending or repetition of crime may be of the same or different character. Crime and delinquency is the subject we are dealing with. Now both these terms have a strong legal tinge to it. The concept of delinquency differs with the Penal code of different states and countries. Criminal tendency or the inclination to commit a crime is seen not only in adults but also in children. There is entire genre in literatu re dealing with sibling rivalry, dealing with infinite instances of juvenile delinquency. Young offenders are therefore criminal minors. These young people deviate from the cultural norms and commit grievous offences extending from murders to thefts, drinking to brutal sexual activities and so on. The foremost social reason for offending among children and the youth is due to a lack of proper socialization. Socialization happens both from home and peer group. Children often commit crimes under the influence of peer groups; impulsively just to try out something for fun. Or mostly as many social workers have pointed out, it happens due to

Ethical Issues Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issues Assignment - Research Paper Example g is an ethical issue in which a struggle between the body and mind would happen and the winner would be either the body (In case the person opts for mercy killing) or the mind (In case the person decided against the mercy killing). Proponents of mercy killing are of the opinion that it is better to assist a person medically to terminate his life, if he is in a hopeless situation. In their opinion, the person who suffers pain and discomforts should have given the right to take decision about sustaining his life in such pathetic condition. Others can cite ethical or moral issues against the mercy killing; but the ultimate sufferer would be the patient only. On the other hand, critics of mercy killing believe that only the creator has the right to take the life back of his creations. They are of the opinion that life is the most important thing in the world. Nobody has so far succeeded in unveiling the miseries about the life. Nobody knows from where we come and where we go after death. No science or technology, so far succeeded in creating an artificial life in a laboratory setup which underlines the importance and value of life on earth. Moreover critics also argue that only the creator has the right to modify or destroy creations and anything against his will would be unethical. As expected, we met strong arguments both in favour and against mercy killing during our research. We found most of the arguments of the proponents and the critics logical and valuable. It was difficult for us to take a position on this issue and our group actively discussed all the major arguments from both the sides in order to make a conclusion. Some of the arguments we found during our research are given below. The article IF MERCY KILLING BECOMES LEG, argued that mercy killing would be misused if it is made legal (IF MERCY KILLING BECOMES LEGAL). The above argument seems to be logical as the antisocial elements can kill innocent people on behalf of mercy killing in order to

Software Development Life Cycle Models

Software Development Life Cycle Models The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processes involved including the waterfall model (the original SDLC method), rapid application development (RAD), joint application development (JAD), the fountain model and the spiral model. Mostly, several models are combined into some sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation is crucial regardless of the type of model chosen or devised for any application, and is usually done in parallel with the development process. Some methods work better for specific types of projects, but in the final analysis, the most important factor for the success of a project may be how closely particular plan was followed. This is the most common and classic of life cycle models, also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed in its entirety before the next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard the project. Unlike what I mentioned in the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall model. Waterfall Life Cycle Model Advantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Simple and easy to use. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Phases are processed and completed one at a time. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Disadvantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adjusting scope during the life cycle can kill a project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No working software is produced until late during the life cycle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High amounts of risk and uncertainty. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poor model for complex and object-oriented projects. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poor model for long and ongoing projects. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poor model where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing. V-Shaped Model Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase must be completed before the next phase begins. Testing is emphasized in this model more so than the waterfall model though. The testing procedures are developed early in the life cycle before any coding is done, during each of the phases preceding implementation. Requirements begin the life cycle model just like the waterfall model. Before development is started, a system test plan is created. The test plan focuses on meeting the functionality specified in the requirements gathering. The high-level design phase focuses on system architecture and design. An integration test plan is created in this phase as well in order to test the pieces of the software systems ability to work together. The low-level design phase is where the actual software components are designed, and unit tests are created in this phase as well. The implementation phase is, again, where all coding takes place. Once coding is complete, the path of execution continues up the right side of the V where the test plans developed earlier are now put to use. Advantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Simple and easy to use. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Each phase has specific deliverables. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Higher chance of success over the waterfall model due to the development of test plans early on during the life cycle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Works well for small projects where requirements are easily understood. Disadvantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Very rigid, like the waterfall model. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Little flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult and expensive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Software is developed during the implementation phase, so no early prototypes of the software are produced. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Model doesnt provide a clear path for problems found during testing phases. Spiral Model The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with more emphases placed on risk analysis. The spiral model has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk is assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the baseline spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning phase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertaken to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software is produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at the end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project to date before the project continues to the next spiral. In the spiral model, the angular component represents progress, and the radius of the spiral represents cost. Advantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High amount of risk analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Good for large and mission-critical projects. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Software is produced early in the software life cycle. Disadvantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Can be a costly model to use. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Projects success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Doesnt work well for smaller projects. 1. The Scope of Life Cycles As we described in the book The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP) the scope of life cycles can vary dramatically. For example, Figure 1 depicts the Scrum construction life cycle whereas Figure 2 depicts an extended version of that diagram which covers the full system development life cycle (SDLC) and Figure 3 extends that further by addressing enterprise-level disciplines via the EUP life cycle. The points that Im trying to make are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ System development is complicated. Although its comforting to think that development is as simple as Figure 1 makes it out to be, the fact is that we know that its not. If you adopt a development process that doesnt actually address the full development cycle then youve adopted little more than consultantware in the end. My experience is that you need to go beyond the construction life cycle of Figure 1 to the full SDLC of Figure 2 (ok, Retirement may not be all that critical) if youre to be successful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Theres more to IT than development. To be successful at IT you must take a multi-system, multi-life cycle stage view as depicted in Figure 3. The reality is that organizations have many potential projects in the planning stage (which Ill call Iteration -1 in this article), many in development, and many in production. 2. Iteration -1: Pre-Project Planning Iteration -1, the pre-Inception phase in the Enterprise Unified Process (EUP), is the pre-project aspects of portfolio management. During this phase you will: 1. Define the business opportunity. You must consider the bigger business picture and focus on market concerns. This includes exploring how the new functionality will improve your organizations presence in the market, how it will impact profitability, and how it will impact the people within your organization. This exploration effort should be brief, not all projects will make the initial cut so you only want to invest enough effort at this point to get a good gut feel for the business potential. A good strategy is to follow Outside-In Developments focus on identifying the potential stakeholders and their goals, key information to help identify the scope of the effort. 2. Identify a viable for the project. There are several issues to consider when identifying a potential strategy for the project. For example, do you build a new system or buy an existing package and modify it? If you decide to build, do you do so onshore or offshore? Will the work be solely done by your own development team, by a team from a system integrator (SI), or in partnership with the SI? What development paradigm traditional/waterfall, iterative, or agile will you follow? Will the team be co-located, near-located within the same geographic region, or far-located around the world? As you can see there are many combinations of strategy available to you, and at this point in time you may only be able to narrow the range of the possibilities but be forced to leave the final decision to the project team in future iterations. 3. Assess the feasibility. During Iteration -1 you will want to do just enough feasibility analysis to determine if it makes sense to invest in the potential project. Depending on the situation you may choose to invest very little effort in considering feasibility, for many systems just considering these issues for a few minutes is sufficient for now, and for some systems you may choose to invest days if not weeks exploring feasibility. Many organizations choose to do just a little bit of feasibility analysis during Iteration -1, and then if they decide to fund the project they will invest more effort during Iteration 0. In my experience you need to consider four issues when exploring feasibility: economic feasibility, technical feasibility, operational feasibility, and political feasibility. Your feasibility analysis efforts should also produce a list of potential risks and criteria against which to make go/no-go decisions at key milestone points during your project. Remember that a gile teams only have a success rate of 72%, compared to 63% for traditional projects, implying that almost 30% of agile projects are considered failures. Therefore you should question the feasibility of the project throughout the life cycle to reduce overall project risk. 3. Iteration 0/Warm Up: Project Initiation The first week or so of an agile project is often referred to as Iteration 0 (or Cycle 0) or in The Eclipse Way the Warm Up iteration. Your goal during this period is to initiate the project by: 1. Garnering initial support and funding for the project. This may have been already achieved via your portfolio management efforts, but realistically at some point somebody is going to ask what are we going to get, how much is it going to cost, and how long is it going to take. You need to be able to provide reasonable, although potentially evolving, answers to these questions if youre going to get permission to work on the project. You may need to justify your project via a feasibility study. 2. Actively working with stakeholders to initially model the scope of the system. As you see in Figure 5, during Iteration 0 agilists will do some initial requirements modeling with their stakeholders to identify the initial, albeit high-level, requirements for the system. To promote active stakeholder participation you should use inclusive tools, such as index cards and white boards to do this modeling our goal is to understand the problem and solution domain, not to create mounds of documentation. The details of these requirements are modeled on a just in time (JIT) basis in model storming sessions during the development cycles. 3. Starting to build the team. Although your team will evolve over time, at the beginning of a development project you will need to start identifying key team members and start bringing them onto the team. At this point you will want to have at least one or two senior developers, the project coach/manager, and one or more stakeholder representatives. 4. Modeling an initial architecture for the system. Early in the project you need to have at least a general idea of how youre going to build the system. Is it a mainframe COBOL application? A .Net application? J2EE? Something else? As you see in Figure 5, the developers on the project will get together in a room, often around a whiteboard, discuss and then sketch out a potential architecture for the system. This architecture will likely evolve over time, it will not be very detailed yet (it just needs to be good enough for now), and very little documentation (if any) needs to be written. The goal is to identify an architectural strategy, not write mounds of documentation. You will work through the design details later during development cycles in model storming sessions and via TDD. 5. Setting up the environment. You need workstations, development tools, a work area, for the team. You dont need access to all of these resources right away, although at the start of the project you will need most of them. 6. Estimating the project. Youll need to put together an initial estimate for your agile project based on the initial requirements, the initial architecture, and the skills of your team. This estimate will evolve throughout the project. 4. Release Iterations(s): The End Game During the release iteration(s), also known as the end game, we transition the system into production. Not that for complex systems the end game may prove to be several iterations, although if youve done system and user testing during construction iterations (as indicated by Figure 6) this likely wont be the case. As you can see in Figure 9, there are several important aspects to this effort: 1. Final testing of the system. Final system and acceptance testing should be performed at this point, although as I pointed out earlier the majority of testing should be done during construction iterations. You may choose to pilot/beta test your system with a subset of the eventual end users. See the Full Life Cycle Object-Oriented Testing (FLOOT) method for more thoughts on testing. 2. Rework. There is no value testing the system if you dont plan to act on you find. You may not address all defects, but you should expect to fix some of them. 3. Finalization of any system and user documentation. Some documentation may have been written during construction iterations, but it typically isnt finalized until the system release itself has been finalized to avoid unnecessary rework Note that documentation is treated like any other requirement: it should be costed, prioritized, and created only if stakeholders are willing to invest in it. Agilists believe that if stakeholders are smart enough to earn the money then they must also be smart enough to spend it appropriately. 4. Training. We train end users, operations staff, and support staff to work effectively with our system. 5. Deploy the system. See my article entitled System Deployment Tips and Techniques. 6. Briefly on different Phases: 7. Feasibility 8. The feasibility study is used to determine if the project should get the go-ahead. If the project is to proceed, the feasibility study will produce a project plan and budget estimates for the future stages of development. 9. Requirement Analysis and Design 10. Analysis gathers the requirements for the system. This stage includes a detailed study of the business needs of the organization. Options for changing the business process may be considered. Design focuses on high level design like, what programs are needed and how are they going to interact, low-level design (how the individual programs are going to work), interface design (what are the interfaces going to look like) and data design (what data will be required). During these phases, the softwares overall structure is defined. Analysis and Design are very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development. Much care is taken during this phase. The logical system of the product is developed in this phase. 11. Implementation 12. In this phase the designs are translated into code. Computer programs are written using a conventional programming language or an application generator. Programming tools like Compilers, Interpreters, Debuggers are used to generate the code. Different high level programming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java are used for coding. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen. 13. Testing 14. In this phase the system is tested. Normally programs are written as a series of individual modules, these subject to separate and detailed test. The system is then tested as a whole. The separate modules are brought together and tested as a complete system. The system is tested to ensure that interfaces between modules work (integration testing), the system works on the intended platform and with the expected volume of data (volume testing) and that the system does what the user requires (acceptance/beta testing). 15. Maintenance 16. Inevitably the system will need maintenance. Software will definitely undergo change once it is delivered to the customer. There are many reasons for the change. Change could happen because of some unexpected input values into the system. In addition, the changes in the system could directly affect the software operations. The software should be developed to accommodate changes that could happen during the post implementation period. Why an SDLC? When you pay your telephone bill your payment is processed by a system. That system has evolved over many years and continues to evolve in order to meet the changing needs of the business. When the phone company cashes your check that check is also processed by a system which itself is evolving. These two systems are composed of manual activities and automated components. They also exist in the context of many other systems with which they must interface. Each system works so well individually because it is composed of a rigorous set of tasks which result in well-defined outputs. Regardless of who is doing the task, the result is essentially the same. As staff turnover occurs the system provides continuity to the way of doing business. Each system can interface with the other because the division of activities between the bank and the phone company are well defined, as are the interfaces. Thus, no matter which bank the check is drawn on, the process is the same; no matter which phone company sends in the check, the process is the same. The precision and completeness of the task lists, the data, the division of responsibilities and the interface definitions are required because of the complexity of these systems. But what about the process that creates and maintains these systems? Software systems development is, from a historical perspective, a very young profession. The first official programmer is probably Grace Hopper, working for the Navy in the mid-1940s. More realistically, commercial applications development did not really take off until the early 1960s. These initial efforts are marked by a craftsman-like approach based on what intuitively felt right. Unfortunately, too many programmers had poor intuition. By the late 1960s it had become apparent that a more disciplined approach was required. The software engineering techniques started coming into being. This finally brings us to the SDLC. What evolved from these early activities in improving rigor is an understanding of the scope and complexity of the total development process. It became clear that the process of creating systems required a system to do systems. This is the SDLC. It is the system used to build and maintain software systems. As with the phone billing system, an SDLC system is needed because the development process is composed of many complex tasks which must be done in the right order to produce a successful result. If there is no SDLC each team must reinvent it based on their own experiences and judgments. The complexity of the tasks has led to increased specialization. These specialists (e.g.,data base analysts, network designers, testers) must have well-bounded tasks with well-defined outputs and well-defined interfaces to the rest of the development team. This is provided by the SDLC. Systems also have a long life. The billing system and check processing system will probably never be de-automated. These systems will outlive their development teams. As staff turnover occurs, continuity is required in how the systems are supported. This is provided by the SDLC. Another issue is systems integration. Can you imagine if the architects designing a sky-scraper each had their own ways of creating and documenting the buildings plans? The plumbing, wiring, heating systems, floors, walls, etc., would never come together. Most computer systems interface with other computer systems. The degree of system integration is rapidly increasing. The descriptions of functions and data at the interfaces must be produced and documented in a consistent manner, in much the same way as architects must have a standard way of documenting plans. This is provided by the SDLC. You would not dream of trying to process phone bills or checks without a system due to the complexity of the process, the need for specialization, the need for continuity and the need to interface to the rest of the world. We have seen here that the process of developing systems has the same characteristics. Therefore, we need a system to build computer systems the SDLC. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1.1 INTRODUCTION Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities. 1.2 OBJECTIVES After going through this lesson, you should be able to define a system explain the different phases of system development life cycle enumerate the components of system analysis explain the components of system designing 1.3 DEFINING A SYSTEM A collection of components that work together to realize some objectives forms a system. Basically there are three major components in every system, namely input, processing and output.   1.4 SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE System life cycle is an organizational process of developing and main- taining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, be- cause it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required for developing a system. System development life cycle means combination of various activi- ties. In other words we can say that various activities put together are referred as system development life cycle. In the System Analy- sis and Design terminology, the system development life cycle also means software development life cycle. Following are the different phases of system development life cycle: Preliminary study Feasibility study Detailed system study System analysis System design Coding Testing Implementation Maintenance 1.5 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE The different phases and related activities of system development life cycle. (a) Preliminary System Study Preliminary system study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This is a brief investigation of the system under consideration and gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is? In practice, the initial system study involves the preparation of a System Proposal which lists the Problem Definition, Objectives of the Study, Terms of reference for Study, Constraints, Expected benefits of the new system, etc. in the light of the user requirements. The system proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who studies the system) and places it before the user management. The management may accept the proposal and the cycle proceeds to the next stage. The management may also reject the proposal or request some modifications in the proposal. In summary, we would say that system study phase passes through the following steps: problem identification and project initiation background analysis inference or findings (system proposal) (b) Feasibility Study In case the system proposal is acceptable to the management. 2 :: Computer Applications In a system the different components are connected with each other and they are interdependent. For example, human body represents a complete natural system. We are also bound by many national systems such as political system, economic system, educational sys- tem and so forth. The objective of the system demands that some output is produced as a result of processing the suitable inputs. A well-designed system also includes an additional element referred to as control that provides a feedback to achieve desired objectives of the system. 3 :: Computer Applications Next phase is to examine the feasibility of the system. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting users requirements, effective use of resources and of course, the cost effectiveness. These are categorized as technical, operational, economic and schedule feasibility. The main goal of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope. In the process of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy to find the Return on Investment (ROI). This also defines the resources needed to complete the de- tailed investigation. The result is a feasibility report submitted to the management. This may be accepted or accepted with modifications or rejected. The system cycle proceeds only if the management accepts it. (c) Detailed System Study The detailed investigation of the system is carried out in accordance with the objectives of the proposed system. This involves detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. During this process, data are collected on the available files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Interviews, on-site observation and questionnaire are the tools used for detailed system study. Using the following steps it becomes easy to draw the exact boundary of the new system under consideration: Keeping in view the problems and new requirements Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system All the data and the findings must be documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specification. The main points to be discussed in this stage are: Specification of what the new system is to accomplish based on the user requirements. Functional hierarchy showing the functions to be performed by the new system and their relationship with each other. Functional network, which are similar to function hierarchy but they highlight the functions which are common to more than one procedure. List of attributes of the entities these are the data items which need to be held about each entity (record) (d) System Analysis Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weaknesses of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System Analysis also includes subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual processes. The major objectives of systems analysis are to find answers for each business process: What is being done, How is it being done, Who is doing it, When is he doing it, Why is it being done and How can it be improved? It is more of a thinking process and involves the creative skills of the System Analyst. It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system that satisfies the current needs of the user and has scope for future growth within the organizational constraints. The result of this process is a logical system design. Systems analysis is an iterative process that continues until a preferred and acceptable solution emerges. (e) System Design Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the developments of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is converted into physical system design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages: Preliminary or General Design Structured or Detailed Design Preliminary or General Design: In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage. Structured or Detailed Design: In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blueprint of a computer system solution to a given problem. 4 :: Computer Applications Same components and inter-relationships among the same components as the original problem. Input, output, databases, forms, codification schemes and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the design stage, the programming language and the hardware and software platform in which the new system will run are also decided. There are several tools and techniques used for describing the system design of the system. These tools and techniques are: i. Flowchart ii. Data flow diagram (DFD) Data dictionary Structured English Decision table Decision tree Each of the above tools for designing will be discussed in detailed in the next lesson. The system design involves: i. Defining precisely the required system output ii. Determining the data requirement for producing the output iii. Determining the medium and format of files and databases iv. Devising processing methods and use of software to produce output v. Determine the methods of data capture and data input vi. Designing Input forms vii. Designing Codification Schemes viii. Detailed manual procedures ix. Documenting the Design (f) Coding The system design needs to be implemented to make it a workable system. This demands the coding of design into computer understandable language, i.e., programming language. This is also called the programming phase in which the programmer converts the program specifications into computer instructions, which we refer to as: programs. It is an important stage where the defined procedures are transformed into control specifications by the help of a computer language. The programs coordinate the data movements and control the entire process in a system.